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Important Announcement 


Howard Vnicersit ij has received from Dr. d. K. Moor- 
land a (jift of his large private collection of hooks and 
pamphlets hij and about the Colored Bace^ together icith 
valuable nwniorcibilia of other kinds. The Trustees have 
voted with great gratitude to receive the collection and 
name it the *‘. 7 . K. Moorland Foundcitionf^ upon which 
can be built up <f large collection through f uture years. 
Dr. MoorlaneV s gift is now bemg classified and the form- 
er Tappan collection will be added to it. Eminent men 
all over the country have written that Hoicard Univer- 
sity is the place for the greatest collection of this kind 
which it is possible to bring together. 

Have you and your friends some books or p)amphlets 
whicJi are sjiitable for this Foun da tioid^ and ivhich you 
can donate for o^rr usey 

Address all inquiries or gifts to President S. M. New- 
man, Howard Unirersity, W(fshington , D. C. 






A 

L. . 


A-'. 


« 9 




HOWARD UNIVERSITY RECORD 

HOWARD 'university RECORD: Published by Howard University in January, March, 

May, June, November and December. Subscription price, one year, twenty-five cents. Entered 
at the Post Office at Washington, D. C., as second class mail matter. 


Volume 9 WASHINGTON, D. C., DECEMBER, 1915 Numbers 


Commercial College 
Studies of Negroes in Business 



No. II: Negro Insurance 


George W. Hines, A. B., Collaborator 
George Wm. Cook, A. M., LL. M., Dea7i of the 

Commercial College 


COMPLIMENTS OF 

GEORGE W. HINES, 


HOWARD UNIVERSITY 


* 3 


I 




■n' 





m 


THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 

of 

HOWARD UNIVERSITY 



Ex-Chief Justice STANTON J. PEELLE, EE. U., President of Board of Trusteea 
STEPHEN M. Nf^WMAN. A. M., D. D.. President of the University 
GEORGE Wm. cook, A. M., EE. M., Secretary and Business Manager 
EDWARD E. PARKS. A. M.. D. D., Treasurer and Registrar 


Justice GEORGE W. ATKINSON. EE. D.. Washington, D. C. 

Rev. H. PAUE DOUGEASS. D. D.. New York City. 

ANDREW F. HIEYP:R. A. B.. EE. M.. Washington. D. C. 

Rev. STEPHEN M. NEWMAN, A. M., D. D.. Washington. D. C. 
Ex-Chief Justice STANTON J. PEEEEE, EE. D., Washington. D. C. 
Rev. UEYSSES (E B. PIERCE. D. D., Washington. D. C. 

Rev. CHAREES H. RICHARDS. D. D., New York City, 


Justice THOMAS H. ANDERSON. EE. D.. Washington, D. C. 
Justice JOB BARNARD. EE. D., Washington. D.C. 

WIEEIAM VE COX. A. M.. Washington. D. C. 

Rev. FRANCIS J. GRIMKE. D. D.. Washington. I). 0. 

Mr. HENRY E. PEEEEW. Washington, D. C. 

Hon. CUNO H. RUDOEPH. Washington. D. C. 

WIEEIAM A. SINCEAIR, M. D., Philadelphia. Pa. 

* Principal BOOKER T. WASHINGTON, EE. D.. Tuskegee. Ala. 

Mr. JOHN T. EMEEN, Philadelphia. Pa. 

Rev. AEAN HUDSON, D. D., Brockton, Mass, 

THOMAS JESSE JONES, Ph. D.. Washington. D. C. 

Rev. JESSIE E. MOOREAND, D. D.. Washington. D. C. 

Hon. JAMES C. NAPIER. EE. D., Nashville. Tenn. 

CHAREES B. PURVIS. M. D.. Boston. Mass. 

JAMES H. N. WARING, M. D.. Washington. D. C. 

MARCUS F. WHEATEAND, M. D.. Newport, R. 1. 


HONORARY MEMBERS 

Hon. JOSEPH H. CHOATE, EE. D., New York City. 

Mr. JOHN A. COEE, Chicago. 111. 

Bishop BENJAMIN F. EEE, D. D., Wilberforce. Ohio. 

Hon. JOSEPH D. SAYERS. Austin. Texas. 

Hon. WIEEIAM H. TAFT, EE. D., New Haven, Conn. 

Bishop BENJAMIN TUCKER TANNER. EE. D.. Philadelphia. Pa. 
Bishop WIEBUR P. THIRKIEED, EE. D., New Orleans, Ea. 

Hon. GEO^^GE H. WHITE, Philadelphia. Pa. 

' i I 
c * 

5 * 

PATRON EX-OFFICIO 

Hon. FRANKEIN K. EANE, Secretary of the Interior. 


* Deceased. 


TABLE OF CONTENTS 


The Nature of the Inquiry 

A Brief History of the Insurance Business 

List of Organizations Conducting Some 
Features of the Insurance Business 

Present Conditions' 

Types of Insurance Enterprises . 

Conclusion , 

Select Bibliography 

Appendix 

A. Schedule E. 

B. Schedule F 

C. General 1'able 


The Nature of the Inquiry 

This study, which forms the second publication of the Com- 
mercial College Studies of Negroes in Business, is an attempt to 
present truth secured by a careful research, concerning insurance 
enterprises. The spirit of the work is that of social service, the 
aim being to collect data which will give something of the devel- 
opment of business enterprises and point out a field of service 
which is expanding with modern civilization. Thus, theffis an 
incentive offered to those among us who show an inclination to 
develop such endeavours, as well as indicating how far the race 
has proved itself efficient in working out its economic salvation. 

The writer has investigated this problem and presents data re- 
ceived through schedules of inquiry and personal contact and at- 
tempts to reach some conclusions. 

A suggestive list of books and articles is given with the hope 
that those interested in the subject may find them helpful. 

Many suggestions have been received from men who are activ*e 
lly engaged in this vocation and I take this opportunity to express 
my sincere thanks to them, for the interest they have taken in the 
matter and the contribution they have made. 

The scope of this study covers a comparison of present and 
past information found on the subject and an intensive search of 
present conditions of the problems of insurance. 

— George \V. Hines 


6 



A Brief History of the Insurance 

Business 

HE insurance business has so many ramifications in our 
economic life that one must bow to the fact that it is 
impossible to classify the kinds of insurance along any 
rigid lines of demarcation. We can not mistake the causes 
which led to their inception. Furthermore, we must take them 
as they exist today and it is quite clear that there are some com- 
mon characteristics to be found in all classes of insurance among 
our people. For the convenience of treating the subject, the 
writer will divide the enterprises into: Sick and Benefit Associa- 
tions, Fraternal Beneficiary Societies and Industrial Life Insurance 
Companies. The distinction being that a life insurance corpora- 
tion has capital stock and is organized for a profit and its policies 
are contracts of indemnity. 

History 


With some confidence a brief survey of the history of insurance 
business may be given. The Hampton Negro Conference Re- 
port No. 8, July 1904, states that, “The History of the Negro in 
insurance extends beyond the day of his freedom in this country. 
While there are no records available, yet from reliable sources 
we learn that more than seventy-five years ago there existed in 
every city of any size in Virginia, organizations of Negroes having 
as their object the caring for the sick and the burying of the 
dead. In but few instances did the society exist openly, as the 
laws of the time concerning Negroes were such as to make it im- 
possible for this to be done without serious consequences to the 
participants. History shows that no matter how the oppressed 
and enslaved may have been watched and hedged in, there was 
always found a way by which they could get together and this 
has been no less true of the Negro in his attempt to combine for 
mutual protection from the results of sickness and death. Al- 
though it was unlawful for Negroes to assemble without the pres- 
ence of a white man, and so, unlawful to allow a congregation 
of slaves on a plantation without the consent of the master, these 


organizations existed and held their meeting on the ^Mots” of 
some of the lawmakers themselves. The general plan seems to 
have been to select some one who could read and write and make 
him Secretary. The meeting-place having been selected the 
members would come by ones and twos, make their payments to 
the Secretary, and quietly withdraw. The books of the Secre- 
tary were often kept covered up on the bed. In many of the 
Societies each member was known by a number and in paying 
simply announced his number. The President of such a Society 
was usually a privileged slave who had the confidence of his or 
her master and could go and come at will. Thus a form of com- 
munication could be kept up between all members. In the event 
of the death of a member provision was made for decent burial, 
and all the members as far as possible obtained permits to attend 
the funeral. It is reported that the members were faithful to 
each other and that every obligation was faithfully carried out. 
This was the first form of Insurance known to the Negro from 
which his family received a benefit.^’ 

^'In the pamphlet issued by the Pennsylvania Society for Pro- 
moting Abolition of Slavery in 1838, there are listed eighty Bene- 
ficial Societies (among them being the Sons of St. Thomas, which 
is in existence today), but no actual insurance societies are men- 
tioned.'' In the History of Insurance Companies ofNorth America, 
one of the leading insurance companies of Philadelphia, the fol- 
lowing note is made: ‘^The same year (1810) witnessed the crea- 
tion of the African Insurance Company, which was located at 
No. 159 (now 529) Lombard Street, Joseph Randolph, President; 
Cyrus Porter, Treasurer; William Coleman, Secretary; with a 
cash capital of $5,000.00. The members of this Company are 
colored persons as stated in the directories of 1811 and 1813. In 
the latter year it was located at No. 155 Lombard Srteet, which ap- 
pears to have been the residence of the Secretary, whose profes- 
sion was given as ‘teacher.' We find no traces of it after this 
year. Some of its policies are yet preserved in the families of its 
insreud. This no doubt antedates any other effort of this kind 
made by Negroes.’’ The Early History of Negroes in Business 
in Philadelphia by Henry M. Minton, M. D., 1913, 


Mr. Charles Westley, in quoting from Preamble-Arnett, Bud- 
get, pages 93-94, says, There is further evidence that there was 
formed in Philadelphia in 1787, ‘The African Society’ by Absa- 
lom Jones and Richard Allen. This association eventually re- 
solved itself into the African Methodist Church, but it began 
with the idea that a Society should be formed, without regard to 
religious tenets, provided the persons lived an orderly and sober 
Jife, in order to support one another in sickness, and for the bene- 
fit of their widows and fatherless children. 

While there is difference in opinions as to the time when the 
insurance business really had its beginning, the causes which led 
to the development of such enterprises among the Negroes of the 
North and the South are similar. It must be observed that those 
people in the early days had a fixed idea of mutual aid and some- 
thing of a vision of responsibility for their fellows; hence they de- 
veloped a crude method of transacting their business by selecting 
from their group persons who had had some special advantages. 
One may read into the narrative the fact that a Negro slave was 
not always given a burial which satisfied the members of his 
group. 

At first we find these societies local in their activities; but 
there was a gradual widening of the scope of their functions and 
an extension of mutual aid until today they are strong organiza- 
tions in a field of open competition; in some cases a company 
operates in several states, while older and larger Fraternal Associ- 
ations exist in all of the Southern states and in most of the Mid- 
dle, Western and Northern states. 

List of Organizations Conducting Some Features 

of the Insurance Business 

Reported by Insurance Commissioners 

District of Columbia 

National Benefit Association. 

Richmond Beneficial Company. 

Royal Order of Jonavid of America. 

Knights of Pythias of North America, South America, Asia, 
Africa and Australia. 


9 


Arkansas 

Knights of Guiding Star of East, Norrilton, Ark. 

Knights and Ladies of Honor of the World, Little Rock, Ark. 
Knights and Ladies of Honor, Cincinnati, Ohio. 

Knights and Daughters of Tabor, Little Rock, Ark. 

Masonic Benefit Association, Prescott, Ark. 

Kentucky 

Mammoth Life and Accident Insurance Company, Louisville, 
Ky. 

National Benefit Association, Washington, D. C. 

Virginia 

American Beneficial Insurance Company. 

Richmond Beneficial Insurance Company. 

Southern i\id Society of Virginia, Incorporated. 

Virginia Beneficial and Insurance Company, Incorporated. 
Afro-American Order of Red Men and Daughters of Poco- 
hontas, Incorporated. 

Boydton Mutual Aid Benevolent Society of Virginia. 

Central Relief Association of Virginia. 

District Grand Lodge No. 15, Grand United Order of Odd- 
Fellows of the State of Virginia. 

District Grand I'abernacle No. 2 of the General Grand and 
Accepted Order of Brothers and Sisters of Love and Charity. 
Golden Gate to Success, Incorporated. 

Good Hope Charitable Association. 

Grand Court Order of Calanthe of the State of Virginia. 
Grand Lodge of the Charity Order of Saint Paul. 

Grand Lodge, Knights of Pythias, N. A., S. A., E., A., A., 
and A. 

Grand United Order of Knights of Damon. 

Grand United Order of Moses. 

Grand United Order of Sons and Daughters of Peace. 
Imperial Grand United Order of Abraham. 

Imperial Order of King David. 

Improved Order Shepherds and Daughters of Bethlehem. 
Independent Order of Hamites, Incorporated, 

10 


Industrial and Charitable Union. 

International Colored Fraternity. 

j. R. Giddings and Jolifee Union. 

Knights of Gideon. 

Knights of Saint Mark Mutual Aid Society. 

Legion and Ladies of Chaldeans. 

Peoples Benevolent and Fraternal Society. 

Peoples Relief and Fraternal Corporation of Virginia. 

Richmond Industrial Beneficial Club of Virginia, Supreme 
Lodge. 

Right Worthy Grand Council, Independent Order of Saint 
Luke. 

Royal Order of Joseph. 

Royal Order of Menelik and Princesses of xA^byssinia of x^mer- 
ica. 

Star of Zion L'nion Reform Royal Relief Corporation. 

State Grand Lodge, No. 6, Independent Order of Good Sa- 
maritans and Daughters of Samaria of Virginia. 

Supreme Fountain of the National Ideal Benefit Society, In- 
corporated. 

Supreme Grand Council of the Sons and Daughters of the I. 
O. of St. Lukes. 

True Reformers, Grand Fountain United Order. 

Union Band of Zion. 

United Order of the Sons and Daughters of the Four and 
Twenty Elders. 

National Order of Mosaic "I'emplars of America. 

Mississippi 

xAmerican Workmen, Washington, D. C. 

Benevolent Industrial Association, Vicksburg, Miss. 

Brothers and Sisters Sacred Order of Profection, Columbus, 
M iss. 

Colored Brothers and Sisters Home Union Society, Summit, 
Miss. 

Colored Protective Society, New x^lbany, Miss. 

Colored Knights of Pythias, Meridian, Miss. 

Eastern Star Benefit x^ssociation, Cplurpbus, Miss, 

11 


Excelsior Grand Court of Calanthe, Jackson, Miss. 

Good Samaritans and Daughters of Samaria, Magnolia, Miss. 
Grand United Order of Workmen, Eupora, Miss. 

Holbrook’s Benevolent Association, Russell, Miss. 
Independent Order of Immaculates, Itta Bena, Miss. 
Independent Sons and Daughters of Jacob, Jackson, Miss. 
Knights and Ladies of Charit}% Gold water. Miss. 

Knights of Industry, Washington, D. C. 

Knights and Ladies of the Tern pie of America, Greenville, Miss. 
Knights and Ladies of Liberty Union, Greenville, Miss. 
Missionary Baptist Christian Union, Greenville, Miss. 
Mississippi Benevolent Society, Lexington, Miss. 

Mississippi Farmers Aid Society, Shannon, Miss. 

Mosaic Templars of America, Little Rock, Ark. 

Odd Fellows Benefit Association, Holly Springs, Miss. 

Pioneer Mutual Aid Society, Gunnison, Miss. 

Sons and Daughters of Gideon, Hattiesburg, Miss. 

United Woodmen Benefit Association, Crystal Springs, Miss. 
Woodmen of Union, Indianola, Miss. 

Georgia 

Industrial Life and Health Companies 
Atlanta Mutual Insurance Association, Atlanta. 

Georgia Mutual Industrial Life and Health Insurance Com- 
pany, Augusta. 

Mutual Benefit Industrial Life Insurance Association, Savannah. 
Peoples Health and Life Insurance Company, Macon. 

Pilgrim Health and Life Insurance Company, Augusta. 
Standard Life Insurance Company, Atlanta. 

Fraternal Order 

Knights of Moses Benevolent and Fraternal Association 

Maryland 

Mutual Benefit Society of Baltimore. 

Star Life Insurance Company. 

Home Mutual Society. 

Security Life Insurance Company. 

State Mutual Aid Society. 

Negro business operated by white people, 

12 


Kansas 

Knights and Ladies of Protection, Topeka, Kansas. 

Missouri 

Home Protective Association, Hannibal, Missouri. 

North Carolina 

Afro-American Mutual, Charlotte, North Carolina. 

Grand United Order O. F., Nashville, North Carolina. 

Knights of Pythias, Winston, North Carolina. 

Masonic Benefit Fund, Raleigh, North Carolina. 

Peoples Independent Order True Reformers, Charlotte, 
North Carolina. 

Independent Order St. Luke, Richmond, Virginia. 

United Order of J. R. Giddings and Jollifee Union, Norfolk, 
Virginia. 

South Carolina 

Fraternal Orders 

District Grand Lodge No. 13, G. U. O. O. F. , Columbia, 
South Carolina. 

State Grand Lodge No. 4, I. O. G. S. F. S. , Columbia, South 
Carolina. 

State Grand Lodge No. 12, 1. O. G. S. F. S., Sumter, South 
Carolina. 

Royal Knights of King David, Durham, North Carolina. 

South Carolina Grand Lodge Knights of Pythias, Columbia, 
South Carolina. 

Working Benevolent State Grand Lodge, Greenville, South 
Carolina. 

Industrial Life Insurance Companies 

Afro-American Mutual Insurance Company, Rock Hill, South 
Carolina. 

Mutual Relief and Benevolent Association, Columbia, South 
Carolina. 

Mutual Associations 

Aid and Assistance Society, New Brookland, South Carolina. 

Abraham Lincoln Society, Levys, South Carolina. 

Bethlehem Society, Ward, South Carolina. 


13 


Emancipation Society, Yemassee, South Carolina. 

Home Society, New BroOkland, South Carolina. 

Link and See Society, Port Royal, South Carolina. 

Pine Grove Benevolent Society, Columbia, South Carolina. 
Rising Light Society, Gray Hill, South Carolina. 

Sons and Daughters of Hope, (jreenville. South Carolina. 
Social Benevolent Society, Ridge Spring, South Carolina. 
Taylor's Chapel Mutual Aid Society, Blythewood, South 
Carolina. 

Mutual Protection Assessment Life Insurance Associations 
Bradley Burial and Aid, Bradley, South Carolina. 

Columbia Mutual Benefit Association, Columbia, South Caro- 
lina. 

Grand Central Farmers Aid Society, Easley, South Carolina. 
Kershaw County Social Benevolent Society, Camden, South 
Carolina. 

Young Men’s Sunlight Society, Newberry, South Carolina. 
Women's Christian Union Association, Laurens, South Caro- 
lina. 

Oklahoma 

Exchange Insurance Association, Muskogee. 

Improved Industrial Order of Wise Men, Muskogee. 

United Brothers of Friendship and Sisters of the Mysterious 
Ten, Wagner. 

I exas 

Colored Helping Hand Society, Waco. 

Colored Knights of Pythias, W aco. 

Colored Modern Wood Choppers, "Ferrell. 

Florida 

Afro-American Independent and Benefit Company, Jackson- 
ville. 

Union Mutual Insurance Company, Jacksonville. 


14 


Present Conditions 

From the clannish instinct of protection within a small group 
these institutions have spread their influence to an attempt at being 
busy for a profit. It is found that in communities where the Negro 
population is too small to support a fraternal organization these 
people join the nearest society and attend meetings and pay their 
dues when it is possible. From a limited economic motive, these 
institutions have grown until now their present cash assets are 
over two million dollars; they are giving employment to several 
hundred persons and they possess property valued at more than ten 
million dollars. 

At first there was only a proclivity to protect the members of 
a group during sickness and provide a decent burial for them. 
In so far as one may trace economic action, the first policies were 
issued by the fraternal societies and their scope was gradually ex- 
tended until today the tendency of the larger industrial companies 
is to issue straight life and endowment policies. It is the experi- 
ence of such companies that the returns from sick benefit policies 
decrease as the company expands its business after a number of 
years. Of course, a healthful growth of business during these 
years, that is, policies being written fora younger class of people, 
and a corresponding reserve set aside, may obviate a decrease in 
returns. 

The form of policies and the form of application blanks are be- 
ing changed to meet the conditions of modern ideas. The fact 
that one thousand people may be taken as they come without an 
examination and the average death rate will be about the same as 
a thousand who have passed a medical examination is being recog- 
nized more and more. 

We must note that the business has developed in recent years 
through the usual channels, that is, from a partnership to the cor- 
poration, its present status. 

Secret Orders show a tendency to do more than a mere burial 
insurance business. The present stage indicates a clear move- 
ment to have the membership hold an endowment policy which 
means a cash return beyond that allowed for a burial. These 
policies range from one hundred to three hundred dollars each. 

15 


I'he idea of an expensive traditional burial is being overcome and 
something is to be left to the family of the deceased. This is one 
of several forces at work which is giving the Negro a better un- 
derstanding of the right attitude toward insurance. 

7Te industrial feature of insurance is popular with the race, 
but the Negro insurance companies have been loathe to enter the 
field. First, because the high death rate demands a corres- 
ponding high premium and an increase of the business unit calls 
for a larger amount of capital for a company to operate. The 
Negro has been unable to fund many large enterprises. Second, 

t 

the white companies catering to the business among Negroes 
make it profitable by charging a higher premium for Negroes than 
for whites. Furthermore,, they have the facilities which enable 
them to make a speciality of any one branch of the business. 

The future aspect of the business among Secret Orders is prom- 
ising, if we may take for an example the amount of money they are 
collecting. One order states its financial resources in 1913, as 
follows: Endowment in treasuries $340,779.97, Property owned 
by Grand and Supreme Lodges $457,233.04 and Property owned 
by Surbordinate Lodges $698,976.17 a total of $1,496,989.18. 

Types of Insurance Enterprise 
The State of Virginia 

Example No. 1. It is significant to note that in the State of Vir- 
ginia with a Negro population of 671,096 there are four Industrial 
Sick Benefit Companies and thirty-eight Fraternal Beneficiary 
Associations which do an insurance business. 

The state insurance commissioner’s report of 1914 is the source 
of data which is used to furnish the following facts: The four In- 
dustrial Sick Benefit Companies possessed a Capital paid up incash 
of $77,440.00; Total Income $696,851.78; Total Disbursements, 
$658,885.40; Total Ledger Assets, as per balance $281,028.31; 
Total admitted Assets $288,239.82; Liabilities excluding Capital, 
$24,244.05 and Surplus as regards policy-holders, $263,995.77. 
The business in Virginia for 1913 was: Gross Premiums Re- 
ceived $323,215.04 and Gross Losses Paid, $169,871.05^' 

■" Two companies not reporting this item. 

16 


Thirty-eight Fraternal Beneficiary Associations exhibit the fol- 
lowing facts: Income from members, t $289,428.40; Disbursements, 
$397,075.46; Admitted Assets, $370,580.50; Liabilities, $167, 
377.98; Balance to protect contracts, $490,179.39; jBenefit Cer- 
tificates in force December 31, 1913, 90,758; Amount of Business, 
$8,405,270.00; Benefit Certificates written during the year, 
23,374; Amount of Business, $2,075,711.50; Claims paid during 
the year, 2,078; Amount of Claims, $252,760.81. See Table I. 

The mecca for the headquarters of the above institutions is 
Richmond; here one may find large business enterprises conduct- 
ed by the officers of these companies, which employ several hun- 
dred persons. They have acquired valuable city blocks whose 
rental assets amount to thousands of dollars a year. 

Table I 

Industrial Sick Benefit Companies 


(Four Companies) 

State of Virginia 

Amount of Capital paid up in cash $ 77,440.00 

Total Income $696,851.78 

Total Disbursements $658,885.40 

Total Ledger Assests, as per balance. $281,028.31 

Fotal Admitted Assests $288,239,82 

Liabilities excluding Capital $ 24,244.05 

Surplus as regards policyholders $263,995.77 

Business in Virginia, 1913 

Industrial sick benefit 

'•'Gross Premiums Received $323,215.04 

'‘'Gross Losses Paid $169,871.05 


t Income from other sources not given. 

i Thirteen associations not reporting exhibits of certificates. 
"^Tvvo companies not reporting this item. 


17 


Fraternal Beneficiary Associations 

(Thirty-eight Associations) 


'‘Tncome (from members) $289,428.40 

Disbursements $397,075.46 

Admitted Assets $370,580.50 

Liabilities $167,377.98 

Balance to protect contracts $490,179.39 


Total Number 


Benefit Certificates in force 90,758 

December 31, 1913 23,374 


Benefit Certificates written during the year. 


Business Amount 

$8,406,270.00 

$2,075,711.50 


Total Number Claims Amount 

Claims paid during the year 2,078 $ 252,760.81 

Thirteen not reporting this item for exhibits of certificates. 

The true significance of the above figures is not to be found in 
a money consideration, for who can measure the amount of eco- 
nomic or social good a community receives from such institutions? 
Social uplift is evidenced by the movements of the collector, who 
is going from house to house making suggestions for better sani- 
tary conditions, by the distribution of helpful literature, by ac- 
quainting his patrons with business methods and by kind words. 
My personal investigation in the city of Richmond disclosed the 
fact that the Negroes are taking pride in their institutions and this 
in turn is serving as an incentive for private ownership and a better 
citizenship. 

^M"he question as to whether the decrease in mortality among 
the Negroes in 1910 as compared with 1900 was due to perma- 
nent causes, such as improved housing conditions, better medical 
attention, and in general improved sanitary conditions, and not 
the absence of epidemics, is an important and interesting one. 

“Undoubtedly one of the factors which has caused thedecrease 
n the death rate — which decrease is almost universal in the cit- 
ies of the South — is the increase in home ownership among the 
Negro population. 

^Income from other sources not given. 


18 


“In the city of Richmond Negro inhabitants per owned home 
were twenty-eight; decrease in death rate: 1900 — 1910, 7.5 per 
cent .’’ — Bullethi 126, Negroes in the United States. Departniejit 
of Commerce. 

Washington, D. C. 

Example No. 2. In the city of Washington where the Negro 
population is one hundred thousand there are twocompanies which 
are classified as Health, Accident and Life Companies and two 
Fraternal Beneficial Associations reporting to the office of the 
Insurance Commissioner. The Life Associations report: Total In- 
come $41 5, 472, 60; Total Disbursements, $3 77, 126.40; Total Led- 
ger Assets $209, 133.83; Total Liabilities except Capital, $7,740.- 
07; Capital paid up in cash $30,000.00; Surplus over all Liabilities 
$159,784.95; Policies written during the year. Number 31,826. 
Amount $1,610,518.00; Total policies or certificates in force De- 
cember 31,1913, 89,523; Amount $4,284,245.70; Death Claims 
paid during the year 943; Amount $43,190.28; Sick and Accident 
Claims paid during the year 31,583; Amount $114,830.73. 

While the Fraternal Beneficial Association’s report: Total In- 
come $14,634.43; Total Disbursements $7,364.66; Total Ledger 
Assets $23,869.29; Liabilities $1,900.00; Benefit Certificates writ- 
ten during the year. Number 438; Amount $412,859.00; Death 
Claims paid during the year. Number 32; Amount $6,258.33. 

Here we find a changing population greater perhaps than in any 
other city. The influx of Negroes for political positions and do- 
mestic pursuits is most likely the reason for this condition. A re- 
cent study of the conditions in New York City brought out the 
fact that many Negroes go to that city from Washington, because 
of greater industrial opportunities. These conditions in part ac- 
count for a dearth of business in Washington; yet, it is found that 
among the total companies doing this kind of an insurance busi- 
ness in the City of Washington that the National Benefit Asso- 
ciation a ‘^Negro Company” does the largest business. 


19 


Table II 

Healtli, Accident and Life Associations 


District of Columbia 

I'otal Income- $ 415,472.60 

fotal Disbursements $ 377,126.40 

I'otal Ledger Assets ,$ 209,133.83 

I'otal Liabilities except Capital $ 7,740.07 

Capital paid up in cash .$ 30,000.00 

Surplus over all Liabilities $ 159,784.95 

Number Amount 


Policies written during the year .31,826 ,$1,610,518.00 

Total policies or certificates in force De- 
cember 31, 1913 89,523 ,$4,284,245.70 

Death Claims paid during the year- 934 $ 43,190.28 

Sick and Accident Claims paid during the 

year 31,583 $ 114,830.73 


Fraternal Beneficial Associations 


Total Income $ 14,634.43 

Total Disbursements $ 7,364.66 

d'otal Ledger Assets $ 23,869.29 

Liabilities $ 1,900.00 

Benefit Certificates written during the year • - -438 $ 20,971.00 

I'otal Benefit Certificates in force December 31, 

1913 2,307 $ 412,859.00 

Death Claims paid during the year 32 $ 6,258.33 


Maryland 


Example No. 3. The only note of discouragement sounded in 
my investigation of this problem was by the Commissioner of 
Insurance of the state of Maryland, who writes me as follows: 
‘‘I hesitate to give you the names of all the companies which 
have been up to this time conducting this class of business. 
Under the law passed at the last session of our legislature, it was 
required that companies should comply with certain requirements 
and conditions. I have recently completed an investigation of all 


20 


or nearly all of the companies conducted by Negroes, or which 
confine their business to the writing of insurance among the Ne- 
groes of Maryland, and have found that the condition of many of 
them to be very unsatisfactory indeed, and I think that it will he 
necessary that quite a number of them will have to discontinue 
business. However, I will give you the names of several that 
are in good standing, viz: Mutual Benefit Society of Baltimore, 
(which is operated by colored people), 

Star Life Insurance Company, 

Home Mutual Society, 

Security Life Insurance Company, 

State Mutual Aid Society, 

the four latter all operated by white people, but which confine 
their business principally to the colored race.’^ 

The situation may be accounted for in part by the fact that 
four white companies are in the field for Negro business. They 
were first to explore the business in the state and have more or 
less exploited it. Perhaps without warning the Negro institu- 
tions have not been able to immediately adjust themselves to the 
letter of the law. Here, we must take cognizance of the fact 
that in other cities, especially in the north, the white companies 
being first in the held have held it; if they were not organized 
solely for Negro business, they have found it prohtable, hence 
they have solicited it. 

North Carolina 

Example No. 4. In the state of North Carolina there is one of 
the old line legal reserve companies which reports an Income of 
$358,311.35; Disbursements $341,082.21; Ledger Assets $144," 
629.34; Admitted Assets $144,089.97; Liabilities $144,089.97; 
and a business for the year of 1913 of Beneht Certihcates in force: 
Number 44,504, amounting to $1,707,246.00. The company 
paid for sick and accident claims during the year $166,116.24. 

There are also six Fraternal Orders which report an Income 
from members of $266,127.30; Disbursements $246,434.76; 
Ledger Assets $130,346.22; Admitted Assets $119,303.94; Lia- 
bilities $12,037.00. The amount of Beneht Certihcates in force 
during the year 1913 was: Number 44,365, Amount $4,294, 
024.40. 


21 


Table III 

Life Company 


Income 

Disbursements • 
Ledger Assets - • 
Admitted Assets 
Liabilities 


$358,311.35 

-$341,082.21 

$144,629.24 

$144,089.97 

$144,089.97 


Business in North Carolina, December 31, 1913 

Number Amount 

Benefit Certificates in force December 31, 

1913 44,504 $1,707,246.00 

Certificates written during the year 26,304 $ 773,428.00 

Accident and Sick claims paid during the year . . $ 166,116.24 


Fraternal Orders 


Income (from members) $266,127.30 

Disbursements. $246,434.78 

Ledger Assets $130,346.22 

^Admitted Assets $119,303.94 

Liabilities . $ 12,037.00 


Number Amount 

Benefit Certificates in force December 31, 

1913 44,365 $4,294,024.40 

Benefit Certificates written during the year .... Not Given 
Claims paid Not Given 


Arkansas 

Fraternal Insurance Societies 

Example No. 5. Arkansas with a Negro population of 442,891, 
has five societies which report to the Superintendent of Insurance. 
The report shows Admitted Assets of $59,351.53; Liabilities $43,- 
579.50; Business in Arkansas December 31, 1913, Number of 
members 16,075; Insurance in Force, $3,064,955.00; Paid to 
beneficiary $60,889.00; and expenses for 1913, $32,618.71. 


99 


Table IV 

Fraternal Insurance Societies 


Total Income Not Given 

Total Disbursements Not Given 

Admitted Assets $ 59,351.53 

Liabilities $ 43,579.50 

Business in Arkansas December 31, 1913 Not Given 

Number of members December 31, 1913, 16,057 

Insurance in Force December 31, 1913 ,$3,064,955.00 

Paid to Beneficiary $ 60,889.48 

Expenses 1913 $ 32,618.71 


Georgia 

Example No. 6. The four assessment life companies in the state 
of Georgia report a total income of $607,852.54; Total Disburse- 
ments $612,424.73; Total Ledger Assets, as per balance $90,- 
525.80; Total Admitted Assets not given. Liabilities excluding 
capital not given. 

And one of the old line legal reserve life companies has a paid 
up capital of $100,000.00; Income $69,025.07; Disbursements 
$63,828.98; Ledger Assets $120,537.60; Admitted Assets $131, 
258.48; Policies in force December 31, 1913 Number 281; 
Amount $221,500.00; Losses and claims incurred during the 
year 1914, $5,327.50; Premiums collected, $28,642.55. 


Table V 

Total Income $607,852.54 

Total Disbursements $612,424.73 

Total Ledger Assets, as per balance- $ 90,525.80 

Liabilities excluding Capital Not Given 

Total admitted Assets Not Given 

Business in Georgia, 1913 

G ross Premiums Received Not Given 

Gross Losses Paid Not Given 

23 


Old Line Legal Reserve — Life Company 


Capital paid up in cash $100, 000. OO 

Income $ 69,025.07 

Disbursements $ 63,828.98 

Ledger Assets $120,537.60 

Admitted Assets $131,258.48 

Policies in force December 31, 1913, Number 281. 

Amount $221,500.00 

Losses and claims incurred during the year 1914. . . $5,327.50 

Premiums collected $28,642.55 


Conclusion 

Turning to the data collected, let us see what conclusions are 
warranted. It might be well to bring forward certain divisions of 
the study. 

An inquiry was made to determine the time and the causes 
which led to the development of the insurance business among 
Negroes. It was found that early in the nineteenth century, 
when the Negro was a slave, the spirit of co-operation exhibited 
itself. In the state of Virginia the movement made rapid pro- 
gress and when the slaves were freed the ties of the group were 
precipitated and they grew stronger. 

The sick and benefit societies expanded their scope until the 
organizations not only attempted to care for the sick and give a bur- 
ial, but they entered upon the activities of securing homes and 
hospitals to care for their members. Later they entered the 
competitive business field of insurance. Today there exist among 
them not only the fraternal order with the insurance business, but 
also incorporated companies who issue straight life, sick and benefit, 
limited payment life and the endowment policies. The business 
amounts to over three million dollars annually and they offer em- 
ployment to hundreds of members of their group. They are also 
furnishing an avenue for investments for members of their race. 

The insurance business is no longer local in its nature. Several 
companies are active in two or more states. As should be expect- 
ed, the largest amount of the business is found in the southern 
states where the masses of the Negroes are. The movement is 


24 


not prominent in the great northern cities where thousands of our 
people have assembled in recent years on the account of favorable 
economic conditions. It is the opinion of the writer that many 
of these people hold their membership at their former homes, in 
the case of fraternal insurance. 

As in other pursuits, it is found that the Negro has had prac- 
tically no previous training for this business. The clerical help 
is on a par with that of similar vocations among white people, but 
there is a great need for trained business managers and men who 
are adept in mathematics to fill the one great need of actuaries. 
There is also a need of men who are prepared for field work. 

The great significance of the value of social service rendered by 
these institutions must always receive attention. These insurance 
companies are making a real contribution to the race by and 
through their publications, by their agents in the field and by 
furnishing an incentive in the form of an achievement. 

The note sounded by the state of Maryland for closer super- 
vision over the insurance business, will force many inefficient 
organizations to close, and will of course work a hardship upon 
certain Negro companies in other states. A part of the Public 
General Laws of Maryland enacted January, 1914, states, “That 
such mutual, co-operative or assessment industrial insurance so- 
cieties, associations or companies, organized and doing business in 
this State prior to January 1, 1914, and having a bona fide mem- 
bership of not less than five-hundred persons, as shall, prior to 
July 1, 1895, reorganize as stock corporations under the provi- 
sions of Section 147, of this article and comply with all the require- 
ments and provisionsofsaid Sections, may havea paid upcapitalless 
than fifty-thousand dollars ($50,000.00), but not less than ten thou- 
sand dollars ($10,000.00), provided that in nocase shall the assets 
of such company, including capital stock actually paid in, at any 
time be sufficient to provide full legal reserve upon all outstand- 
ing policies as required by law, over and above all other bona- 
fide debts and claims against it.^^ While it is not likely that uni- 
form government supervision may come to the states, because it 
is unconstitutional, it cannot be far distant when a mutual under- 
standing and co-operation in making more stringent insurance 
laws in the states will be timely. 

25 


From the reports of the insurance commissioners of the sev- 
eral states the following data were taken. Since there is no uni- 
formity in these reports, some of the items are not given; hence 
the figures presented fall short of the actual amount of business 
done. The assets were $1,554,166.77; Income $2,812,207.82; 
and Disbursements were $2,794,283.44. The Insurance written 
during the year 1913 was $30,21,768.74 and the Policies in Force 
the same year were valued at $25,804,365.43. 

The future aspects are encouraging. First, there is a deal of 
difficulty experienced with these institutions in securing bonding 
facilities. Secondly, the Negro has confined his energies to sick 
and beneficial and industrial life insurance. These two avenues 
should prove to be fertile fields for the modern Negro business 
man. Some of the older organizations are aware of the first de- 
mand and they are seriously considering the launching of a bond- 
ing company. The most hopeful aspect perhaps is to be found 
in the spirit of the Negro not only to get practical experience but 
he has caught the vision and is to be found in the larger univer- 
sities preparing himself for his future vocation. 

It is important to note that there are two large incorporated 
companies with a legal reserve of $100,000.00 deposited with 
the Superintendents of Insurance in two states. Several smaller 
companies have a proportional amount of money on deposit as a 
reserve with state officials. Most of these companies have a con- 
sulting actuary. This is indeed a long step toward efficiency and 
real progress. 

A national insurance organization was formed in 1913. This 
is a degree of advancement toward economic solidarity. It is a 
step removed from the traditional aspect of achievement. 

The writer concludes that this line of endeavor will succeed 
among Negroes, but the fact needs to be emphasied that stronger 
supervision must be had. That is, more attention must be given 
to an increasing reserve which will correspond with the amount 
of increased business and trained men must be brought into its 
service. In a word, a high point of efficiency must be reached 
in the business, for it is in a strong competitive field. 


26 


Select Bibliography 

"A Study of Insurance” by Charles H. Westley, A. M. 

"A Study of Accidents and Accident Insurance/’ (1900), E. 
MacNeill. 

^^Atlantic University Publication, Number 12.” 

^Combination Policies,” by Frank Hasbroiick, Superintendent 
of Insurance of the State of New York, September 18, 1914. 

”Early History of Negroes in Business in Philadelphia,” by 
Henry M. Minton, M. D. 

Hampton Negro Conference Report, March 8, 1904. 

”tIistory of Negro Race in America from 1619-1880, New 
York, 1883,” by G. W. Williams. 

^Insurance, A Practical Exposition,” (1904), by T. E. Young. 

”liisnrance, A Text Book,” (1908), by W. A. Fricke. 

Mutual Life Insurance Company Educational Leaflets, 
(1903). 

National Convention of Insurance Commissioners, Report 
of Committee on Industrial Health and Accident Settle- 
ments, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, August 22-25, 1911. 

Report on Insurance Supervision in Europe, by Hon. Wil- 
liam H. Hotchkiss, Superintendent of Insurance, Albany, New 
York. 

Reports of the State Superintendents of Insurance. 

Report on Examination of the American Union Fire In- 
surance Company of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, by Insur- 
ance Departments of Pennsylvania and New York, N.Y., March 
1, 1913. 

^Should We Abandon The American Restrictions Upon 
the Classes of Insurance Written both, (a) by a Company Do- 
ing Direct Writing and (b) by a Company Doing Reinsur- 
ance,” by Frank Hasbrouck, Superintendent of the State of New 
York, September 16, 1914. 

State of New York Insurance Department, ”A Method of 
Determining Pure Premiums for Workmen’s Compensation 
Insurance,” by Harwood E. Ryn, Associate Actuary, October, 
1914. 


27 


^^Studies in Practical Life Insurance,” by James M. Hiid- 
nut, 1911. 

”The Business of Insurance,” by A. J. Wilson, (1904). 

”The Story of Life Insurance,” (1907), by B. J. Hendrick. 

”The Total Disability Provision in American Life Insur- 
ance Contracts,” Annals of The American Academy of Political 
and Social Science, May 1915. 

”The Negro at Work in New York City,” by George Ed- 
mond Haynes, Ph- D. 

”The Negro Year Book,” M. N. Work. 

”The Economic Theory of Risk and Insurance,” Allah 
H. Willet, Ph. D. 

”The Present Insurance Situation from an Insurance 
Superintendent’s Viewpoint,” by William T. Emmet, Super- 
intendent of Insurance of the State of New York, October 28, 
1913. 

”The Negro in Business before the War,” Colored Ameri- 
can Magazine, (1907). 

”The Workmen’s Compensation Situation in New York 
State,” by Frank Hasbrouck, Superintendent of the State of New 
York, September 17, 1914. 

”What Should be the Attitude of the State toward the 
Business of Fire Insurance?” by William T. Emmet, Superin- 
tendent of the State of New York, Cincinnati, Ohio, October 15, 
1913. 

”The Cost of Life Insurance,” (Political Science, Quarterly, 
XX, 1905). 


28 


Schedule E 

Fraternal Organizations 

Commercial' College Studies of Negroes in Business 

George W. Hines, A. B., George Wni. Cook, A. M., LL,M,, 
Collaborator Dea?i 

Dear Sir: 

The Commercial College desires to make a study of the In- 
surance Business in the United States among Negroes. You will 
confer a favor by filling out the following blank: 

1 . Name 

Place of Jurisdiction 

2. When organized 

3. Purpose of the Order 

4. Membership in 1914 

5. Benefits paid per week 

6. Do you pay any officer a salary ? 

7 Gross amount of salary paid officers of your Order last year, 

1914 ' 

8. Number of death claims and the amount of money paid for 

them last year, 1914 

9. Amount of benefits paid last year, 1914 

10. What amount of reserve is held for paying claims? 

11. At what age do you admit members? 

12. Do you require a physical examination of applicants for mem- 
bership? 

13. Send us one of your last Supreme Lodge Reports 

Remarks: 


29 


Schedule F 
Insuranee Companies 

Commercial College Studies of Negroes in Business 

George W. Hhies, A.B., George Wm, Cooky A, M., LL, M., 
Collaborator Dean 

1. Name 

Place 

2. When organized: What Capital? 

3. What were the previous occupations of the officers of your 

company? 

4. What kinds of policies do you issue? 

5. State minimum and maximum premiums paid by policy 

holders. 

6. What amount of sick benefits were paid last year, 1914? 

7. What amount of death claims were paid last year, 1914? 

8. What amount of accident claims? 

9. What do you find to be the general causes of sickness and 

death among your members? 

10. What legal reserve do you carry for the protection of policy 

holders? 

11. In what states do you operate? 

12. Number you employ? Yearly amount of 

salary paid employees? 

13. You will confer a favor by sending one of your recent state- 
ments. 

14. Please send us a copy of your policies. 

15. What are some of the problems of the insurance business as 

you see them? 

Remarks: 


30 



1.0.4 


General Table 


Assets $ 1,554,166.72 

Income $ 2,812,207.82 

Disbursements $ 2.794,282.44 

InsuranceWrittenDuringYear1913 $ 3,021,768.74 

PoLOCiES IN Force in 1913 $25,804,365.43 


Note: The above data were taken from the State Superinten- 
dent Reports. Most states require a report and a license to 
conduct an insurance business. Many items were not given by 
some of the states and the reports of some states could not be ob- 
tained. 


31 





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